Selling and Sales Management Literature review Example

Essays on Selling and Sales Management Literature review The paper "Selling and Sales Management" is a good example of a literature review on marketing. Personal sales and making personal presentations are the most expensive and most important for a company’s sales and profits (Robert Ralph 1993). They require each person to be involved and trained on the company’s products as well as presentation skills. Any sales strategy must listen to and address the needs of the customer so that they can sell. It is no longer successful to sell through being pushy or making grandiose claims (RobertRalph1993). While talent and personality can be important factors making sales, they are not enough; selling requires a full understanding of a company’s products, services and how they can meet the needs of clients and customers.The task of selling is not an easy one. It becomes even harder as customers become more knowledgeable and informed and during decision making in buying decisions that require interaction at various levels of th e buying process. According to Robert Ralph (2008), a successful salesperson combines innate ability and acquired skills as customers appreciate a salesperson that is reliable, knowledgeable of the product and service as well as a credible salesperson. It is imperative for a salesperson to know that they are a personification of the company and they carry the company’s image.Salespersons use different tactics to sell their products. Some use the traditional hard sale tactics that often involves placing pressure on the customer to purchase a product through relentless convincing while some use the soft sale tactics that are guided by the philosophy of knowing the needs of the customers and satisfying them.Hard sale tactics have been used widely in boiler room scams. Boiler rooms describe the exploits of a pump-and-dump operation. Gabriel (2004, p.6) described pump-and-dump as the practice of buying low-priced shares of usually illegitimate companies. Salespeople then go ahead and apply high-pressure sales tactics to unload these worthless stocks on retire folks in Florida and farmers in Iowa (Gabriel 2004). As the shares price begins to go up, the unscrupulous broker then dumps the shares with higher prices to unsuspecting buyers. Boiler rooms are busy centers of activity usually selling questionable goods (Fater 2010). Fater (2010 p. 158) describes boiler rooms as a room where salespeople work using unfair, dishonest sales tactics sometimes selling penny stocks or committing outright stock fraud. The term carries a negative connotation and is used to imply high-pressure sales tactics (Fater 2010).The unscrupulous brokers use telemarketing operations usually broker firms that are legally licensed only that they exist on the wrong side of the business ethics divide. In Canada, a 1937 article entitled â€Å"swindlers on the rampage†; on the financial post cited â€Å"some of the high-pressure selling was being conducted from Toronto† and they capitalized on the mining industry boom.

The Death Of A Serial Killer - 1206 Words

A serial killer is a person who kills a number of people. They act in a series of 5 or more murders with a break period between each murder. Serial killers can go for months and years before they are usually caught. The victim is most likely the same for every killer- a prostitute or a hitchhiker -someone who, if they were to go missing would probably not be noticed (cite). Their victims may also have the same or similar attributes in gender, age, race or general look. Serial killers also stick by their modus operandi closely but may change it with when needed. Not surprisingly there also appears to be many theories and debates as to the cause of this destructive and heinous behavior. As with most mental illnesses there is a debate between†¦show more content†¦However, this would change as he would soon terrorize the state of New York. On March 25, 1980, A girl named of Donna Hensley got away from Stano and maher her way into a police station. She told the police that she was a prostitute, and had been confronted by some man requesting her. Once at the motel, she and the man began to argue, then the man pulled out a knife and proceeded to cut her. Hensley demanded that the man be found and charged. An officer investigating what happened was able to stop searching after matching a licence plate to a car that met a description. After running the plate the officer found that it was registered to a 28 year old man named Gerald Stano. At is this time, Stano had a long arrest record but no convictions. A positive identification was made from Stano’s mug shot, and so began an investigation into a series of brutal murders. On February 17, 1980, a pair of college students walked across the decomposing remains of a woman. Police started an investigation after it was determined to be a murder. The victim was a 20 year old named Mary Carol Maher, She was found in a remote area laying on her back. The police believed that after looking at the rate of decomposition that she had been there for at least two weeks. Her injuries consisted of multiple stab wounds to the back, legs and arms. During questioning about the assault

Legalization of Marijuana for Recreational Use-Free-Samples

Question: Discuss about the Legalization of Marijuana for Recreational Use. Answer: Marijuana or hemp is a plant that is believed to be one of the earliest plants to be cultivated. Recorded history reports its use for various purposes, ranging from its medicinal usage to use for making fabrics and ropes to recreational and spiritual uses among many cultures. The plant however began to be banned gradually and from 19th century onwards governments began to ban the plant owing to its recreational narcotic usage which hampered the functioning of its users. Marijuana and its use has been a point of contention in the modern medical world for a long time with a polarized view on the topic. Restrictions on research about Marijuana has deterred the progression of the debate. Nonetheless, Marijuana today is considered one of the safer drugs with a promising potential for medicinal use. However there still exists a debate on the matter in the scholarly sphere. Following much debate, the decriminalization of the drug was first initiated by the Dutch government which officially categorized it as a safer drug. California decriminalized Marijuana in 2001 and then Canada relaxed its regulatory law on Marijuana to legalize its use for medical purposes. Uruguay however became the first country to completely legalize Marijuana in 2013 and now Canada is seen to be gearing up to officially, completely legalize the drug as well as opposed to decriminalization. This had sparked controversy and debate in the public, political and medical spheres with majority voting for the move. The statement of thesis states that complete legalization of Marijuana is the correct move. This paper thus argues for the legalization of marijuana for recreational as well as medical and research purposes. The first point for the assertion takes into account the fact that Marijuana has been used for its medicinal properties by mankind for at least as long as recorded in history with large scale restrictions coming into the picture only in the last century or two due to those who may abuse it. Even so, harmful effects of Marijuana abuse pales in comparison some of the effects to even some prescribed drugs that exist in the market today such as Oxycodone. The death rate per 100,000 owing to legally available opioid poisoning was found to be 7.9 in 2016 in Canada, as per the Public Health Agency of Canada, as compared to cannabis which has no records of overdose in history whatsoever (Public Health Canada, 2018). Cannabis, in fact, has been stated to be useful for pain relief both by the ancient Chinese as well as in some contemporary medical reports (Brand Zhao, 2017). Regarding the prevalence of its abuse, Philippe Lucas, conducted a survey in 2013 and found that out of all the anonymo us respondents, 41% use cannabis as a substitute for alcohol, 36.1% substitute it for other illicit substances and 67.8% substitute is for prescription drugs. It was found by the Lucas that the three main reasons behind such preference of cannabis over these other substances of potential abuse were that withdrawal is less for cannabis, it has fewer side effects and it is easier for them to manage the symptoms. Therefore it was suggested that cannabis is a better alternative to these other substances health-wise.75.5% of the respondents had cited cannabis as a substitute for at least one substance of abuse (Lucas, 2013). Therefore recreational and medicinal use of cannabis would pose much less risks health wise than some of the already substances that are legally available as well as could decrease the markets of the more potentially harmful substances. Additionally, in comparison to other recreational substances such as tobacco and alcohol which are freely and legally available in t he market, which young people who are deemed a vulnerable group to cannabis, use much more than they use marijuana, marijuana proves to be much less physically damaging, mentally debilitating or lethal as per scientific studies. They argued that when such prohibitions are not placed on those substances then doing so for cannabis does not make sense (Crpault, Rehm Fischer, 2016). Spithoff, Emerson Spithoff (2015), in their peer reviewed article raised a very interesting point highlighting how the UN Drug Report in 2011,reported that . They emphasized how setting up a legal framework with focus on public health promotion and protection which comes with legalization aided governments to better control use and abuse of the recreational drug, pointing out that among the 180.6 million marijuana users, most of them resided in countries where the drug is illegal. Having said that, UNICEF in 2013 reported Canada as being the country with highest adolescents who use cannabis with 28% of the population falling into that category being a user. They pointed out that pre-existing regulations on Tobacco and Alcohol could prove to be valuable in the framing of such policies (Spithoff, Emerson Spithoff, 2015). Drawing on the fact that such a significant figure of users exist in these countries where the drug is actually illegal, it is well understood that such demand allow s the black market to thrive and this has in fact been pointed out as one of the major reasoning to support the legalization process of cannabis is Canada by the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) in their proposed Cannabis Policy Framework(CPF) as the nation has been gearing up to push the legislation to legalize the plant for recreational use in addition to medicinal use as it had done back in 2001 (Crpault, Rehm Fischer, 2016). (Crpault, Rehm Fischer, 2016). Crpault, Rehm Fischer (2015) emphasized through their arguments that owing to prohibition, the harms caused by cannabis abuse actually expounds social and individual harm on top of the health risks it poses. Drawing upon the fact that despite prohibition of the substance, such a large user base has been detected in the country, with 14% of adults and 23% of high school students having had used cannabis in 2013 alone as per population surveys in Ontario it is argued that the current laws have failed to curb the problem and instead has failed to counter the black market, increasing influence of anti-social and criminal elements. Dealing with the cost of implementing prohibition and other related law enforcement procedures has been seen to be very costly with estimated cost including police intervention, judicial cost and correction being reported to be as high as $1.2 billion in 2002 alone (Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 2014). Therefore, a possible remedy in the form of decr iminalization that is prohibition with civil penalties instead of criminal ones, however might fail to regulate cannabis, rendering users unaware of potency or quality and deters healthcare and education personnel to effectively intervene and engage in prevention and treatment. Most importantly decriminalization, would naturally lead to commercialization but restrict the government from additional regulatory authority and defeating the purpose of the rationale to the approach altogether. Additionally, it has been inferred from the jurisdictions that have legislation decriminalizing recreational cannabis possession that corruption among law enforcement who take undue advantage of the law by convicting and arresting people in an unjustified manner, giving rise to the phenomenon of net widening. Moreover penalties in the form of heavy fines of $1000 that comes with being convicted of possession in Canada place burden on people who are from a low income background disproportionately and this could contribute to cases of secondary criminalization where by these people might be forced to commit other crimes to pay off the fine that has been imposed upon them. Compared to decriminalization, legalization would therefore eliminate more than $1 billion of expense on prohibition laws allowing the fund to be directed to other spheres of public development and the regulated commercialization could also work to increase the income of the country through taxation (Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 2014).It should also be considered that such taxation and price control measures could work to deter usage to some degree as well giving further leverage to the authorities. It is expected that in a jurisdiction where production and distribution is legal and aptly regulated, criminal involvement should decrease significantly. Despite the non-lethal nature of cannabis, there however do exist certain health concerns which could be categorized as chronic or acute that may affect the population with special concern being associated with developing mental faculties of adolescents and pregnant women as pointed out by many scholarly papers, Wayne Hall(2015) being notable among them. He has extensively discussed about the research done on the adverse effects of marijuana abuse in the last two decades. It is to be noted as per the author has pointed out that, cannabis based on dosage could impair reaction-time, processing powers as well as motor coordination among users and this has been found to increase risk of car crash while driving under influence to 2 to 3 times which is however much less than how alcohol affects people under influence. Even so, it has contributed to around 2.5% behind cause of traffic deaths on France. This rate has been found to increase when users also indulge in other substances along wi th cannabis as if often the case Adolescents in particular have actually been found to be especially vulnerable to the health implication of cannabis usage and therefore are strongly advised to keep away. It is already established that adolescents who are regular users have an association with those who have lower educational qualification that their peers who are not regular users. Dependence has also been found to be an issue with 1 out of 10 users reporting to have developed dependence syndrome and the odds seem to increase to 1 out of 6 among those who report to have begun using during adolescence. Even Netherlands have been found to have consistently reported a similar issue with dependence despite legislation of legalization and implementation regulatory policy, indicating that this particular concern could remain a problem despite CPFs recommendations .Adolescents being a major target group in Canada as users and adding to that the increased risks that is posed by cannabis us e does in fact put into question the prudence in removing prohibition. There has also found to be correlation between cannabis use and other mental disorders such as anxiety and depression, with regular use during adolescence doubling risk of being diagnosed with schizophrenia or other psychotic symptoms during adulthood Again, marijuana has been deemed as a gateway drug by some basing their claims upon the observation that marijuana users often have been seen to be more likely to use other more dangerous drugs. Additionally, acute users fall under risk of developing chronic bronchitis and those who are middle aged fall under risk of myocardial infraction (Hall, 2015). Kalant (2016), in response to the CPF expressed a number of points as critique, asserting that CPFs take on the matter lacks sufficient evidence and ignores certain considerations to arrive at the conclusions and recommendations that have been put forth. Kalant again points out the increased risks that legalization would expose the vulnerable group of adolescents and young adults and in addition points out that although legalization sounds promising, it is a flawed approach and that the cost of its application could might as well trump the promised potential benefits. Contrary to that, Kalant pointed out that certain surveys suggested that use may increase among adolescents and although the increase might be minimised it still cannot be definitively determined that others might not come under peer influence and the expectations for restriction might fall short. Additionally he pointed out that the social cost of prohibition is determined not by the law itself but by the manner of enforcement of the law and highlighted that out of 17641 arrested for possession in Canada , 8045 were ultimately let off without any charges whatsoever and only 890 were found to be charged. This he says suggests that perhaps a lax system of law enforcement could be responsible for the perceived failure on part of the law. He also pointed out states like Australia, Portugal and UK aside from Canada where the frequency of cases of marijuana abuse being diverted to the health care professionals have been increasing, suggesting that perhaps bringing in legalization is unnecessary. Another point to be considered that he highlighted is that price regulation and taxation brought about upon legalization may not be effective in deterring use by continuing to pushing low income users who cannot afford the elevated prices to illicit sources. Finally, countering Crpault, Rehm Fischer (2015) on their position on decriminalization as being a half measure as expounded by the Cannabis policy framework, he pointed out that states who have just decriminalized as opposed to legalization of cannabis have not seen any increase in usage and that states which have prohibited it to have depicted lower rates of abuse than other available drugs, it is argued that legalization might not be able to make a significant dent in usage after all. Furthermore, pointing out that legalization alone cannot address the health harms of cannabis and thus requires additional regulatory laws, he said that perhaps a decriminalization alternative with such additional laws could prove to be a safer bet. Adding to that is the fact that t. Instead, Kalant suggested that perhaps a policy which takes into account the morals and perceived hopes of society would be better suited to address this issue in particular. However, despite these concerns, as Fischer, Rehm Crpault (2016), in response to Kalants criticism, highlighted, that the argument that lack of complete evidence should deter legislation ought to consider the move as an opportunity to collect the relevant data and gauge the difference. The authors maintain that whatever leverage that legalization would offer far outweigh what decriminalization could. Rehm, Crpault Fischer (2017) in another paper had drawn particular attention to the fact that t They emphasized how important these regulations are and based on their research asserted that just as successful implementation could serve to be fruitful failure could lead to yet another situation like the US states which legalized the drug where they have found to have failed to generate positive results. The pros and cons are thus well established and a well-informed legislation that is being geared up on basis of such scientific queries and evidences could do well to set the premise for a most important social exercise that could set a new standard of administrative control. Kalants position on relying on the perceived broader ideals and hopes of society as a guideline to policy framing instead of that based on evidence which is no doubt indirect but incremental however betrays inherent bias and favouring status quo whereas opposing novel untested policy options. Risks are a natural part of scientific research and breakthrough of any sort and the authors thus assert that such logic would have prevented many landmark achievements in human society ranging from space travel and normalization of LGBT and abortion rights (Rehm, Crpault Fischer, 2016). Hence, agreeing to all these points, this paper puts forth legalisation as a much needed policy change and the best bet based on the available evidence. References Brand, E. J., Zhao, Z. (2017). Cannabis in Chinese medicine: are some traditional indications referenced in ancient literature related to cannabinoids?.Frontiers in pharmacology,8, 108. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (2014). Cannabis policy framework. Retrieved https://www.camh.ca/en/hospital/about_camh/influencing_public_policy/Documents/CAMHCannabisPolicyFramework.pdf Crpault, J. F., Rehm, J., Fischer, B. (2015). The cannabis policy framework by the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health: A proposal for a public health approach to cannabis policy in Canada.International Journal of Drug Policy,34, 1-4. Fischer, B., Rehm, J., Crpault, J. F. (2016). Realistically furthering the goals of public health by cannabis legalization with strict regulation: Response to Kalant.International Journal of Drug Policy,34, 11-16. Hall, W. (2015). What has research over the past two decades revealed about the adverse health effects of recreational cannabis use?.Addiction,110(1), 19-35. Kalant, H. (2016). A critique of cannabis legalization proposals in Canada.International Journal of Drug Policy,34, 5-10. Lucas, P., Reiman, A., Earleywine, M., McGowan, S. K., Oleson, M., Coward, M. P., Thomas, B. (2013). Cannabis as a substitute for alcohol and other drugs: A dispensary-based survey of substitution effect in Canadian medical cannabis patients.Addiction Research Theory,21(5), 435-442. Public Health Canada. (2018).National report: Apparent opioid-related deaths in Canada (December 2017) - Canada.ca.Canada.ca. Retrieved 30 March 2018, from https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/apparent-opioid-related-deaths-report-2016-2017-december.html Rehm, J., Crpault, J. F., Fischer, B. (2017). The devil is in the details! On regulating cannabis use in Canada based on public health criteria: comment on" legalizing and regulating marijuana in Canada: Review of potential economic, social, and health impacts".International journal of health policy and management,6(3), 173. Spithoff, S., Emerson, B., Spithoff, A. (2015). Cannabis legalization: adhering to public health best practice.Canadian Medical Association Journal,187(16), 1211-1216. Public Health Canada. (2018). National report: Apparent opioid-related deaths in Brand, E. J., Zhao, Z. (2017). Cannabis in Chinese medicine: are some traditional indications referenced in ancient literature related to cannabinoids?.Frontiers in pharmacology,8, 108. Lucas, P., Reiman, A., Earleywine, M., McGowan, S. K., Oleson, M., Coward, M. P., Thomas, B. (2013). Cannabis as a substitute for alcohol and other drugs: A dispensary-based survey of substitution effect in Canadian medical cannabis patients.Addiction Research Theory,21(5), 435-442. Fischer, B., Rehm, J., Crpault, J. F. (2016). Realistically furthering the goals of public health by cannabis legalization with strict regulation: Response to Kalant.International Journal of Drug Policy,34, 11-16. Spithoff, S., Emerson, B., Spithoff, A. (2015). Cannabis legalization: adhering to public health best practice.Canadian Medical Association Journal,187(16), 1211-1216. Spithoff, S., Emerson, B., Spithoff, A. (2015). Cannabis legalization: adhering to public health best practice.Canadian Medical Association Journal,187(16), 1211-1216. Fischer, B., Rehm, J., Crpault, J. F. (2016). Realistically furthering the goals of public health by cannabis legalization with strict regulation: Response to Kalant.International Journal of Drug Policy,34, 11-16. Fischer, B., Rehm, J., Crpault, J. F. (2016). Realistically furthering the goals of public health by cannabis legalization with strict regulation: Response to Kalant.International Journal of Drug Policy,34, 11-16. Fischer, B., Rehm, J., Crpault, J. F. (2016). Realistically furthering the goals of public health by cannabis legalization with strict regulation: Response to Kalant.International Journal of Drug Policy,34, 11-16. Crpault, J. F., Rehm, J., Fischer, B. (2015). The cannabis policy framework by the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health: A proposal for a public health approach to cannabis policy in Canada.International Journal of Drug Policy,34, 1-4.under cannabis and harm Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (2014). Cannabis policy framework. Retrieved From https://www.camh.ca/en/hospital/about_camh/influencing_public_policy/ Documents/CAMHCannabisPolicyFramework.pdf Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (2014). Cannabis policy framework. Retrieved From https://www.camh.ca/en/hospital/about_camh/influencing_public_policy/ Documents/CAMHCannabisPolicyFramework.pdf Hall, W. (2015). What has research over the past two decades revealed about the adverse health effects of recreational cannabis use?.Addiction,110(1), 19-35. Hall, W. (2015). What has research over the past two decades revealed about the adverse health effects of recreational cannabis use?.Addiction,110(1), 19-35. Hall, W. (2015). What has research over the past two decades revealed about the adverse health effects of recreational cannabis use?.Addiction,110(1), 19-35. Hall, W. (2015). What has research over the past two decades revealed about the adverse health effects of recreational cannabis use?.Addiction,110(1), 19-35. Hall, W. (2015). What has research over the past two decades revealed about the adverse health effects of recreational cannabis use?.Addiction,110(1), 19-35. Hall, W. (2015). What has research over the past two decades revealed about the adverse health effects of recreational cannabis use?.Addiction,110(1), 19-35. Hall, W. (2015). What has research over the past two decades revealed about the adverse health effects of recreational cannabis use?.Addiction,110(1), 19-35. Kalant, H. (2016). A critique of cannabis legalization proposals in Canada.International Journal of Drug Policy,34, 5-10. Kalant, H. (2016). A critique of cannabis legalization proposals in Canada.International Journal of Drug Policy,34, 5-10. Page 8, Under Would legalization of cannabis, combined with regulation,significantly reduce the illicit market and its associated dangers? and page 7, Under Are adolescents and young adults especially vulnerable to the adverse effects of cannabis on health and wellbeing? Kalant, H. (2016). A critique of cannabis legalization proposals in Canada.International Journal of Drug Policy,34, 5-10. Kalant, H. (2016). A critique of cannabis legalization proposals in Canada.International Journal of Drug Policy,34, 5-10. Page 6, under Does cannabis prohibition impose serious personal harms on society that would be removed by legalization?, paragraph 3 Kalant, H. (2016). A critique of cannabis legalization proposals in Canada.International Journal of Drug Policy,34, 5-10. Page 8, under Would legalization of cannabis, combined with regulation, significantly reduce the illicit market and its associated dangers?, paragraph 3 Kalant, H.2016). A critique of cannabis legalization proposals in Canada.International Journal of Drug Policy,34, 5-10. Kalant, H. (2016). A critique of cannabis legalization proposals in Canada.International Journal of Drug Policy,34, 5-10. Kalant, H. (2016). A critique of cannabis legalization proposals in Canada.International Journal of Drug Policy,34, 5-10. Fischer, B., Rehm, J., Crpault, J. F. (2016). Realistically furthering the goals of public health by cannabis legalization with strict regulation: Response to Kalant.International Journal of Drug Policy,34, 11-16. Fischer, B., Rehm, J., Crpault, J. F. (2016). Realistically furthering the goals of public health by cannabis legalization with strict regulation: Response to Kalant.International Journal of Drug Policy,34, 11-16. Rehm, J., Crpault, J. F., Fischer, B. (2017). The devil is in the details! On regulating cannabis use in Canada based on public health criteria: comment on" legalizing and regulating marijuana in Canada: Review of potential economic, social, and health impacts".International journal of health policy and management,6(3), 173. Page 174, under Cannabis-Related Health Harms and Policy Fischer, B., Rehm, J., Crpault, J. F. (2016). Realistically furthering the goals of public health by cannabis legalization with strict regulation: Response to Kalant.International Journal of Drug Policy,34, 11-16. Fischer, B., Rehm, J., Crpault, J. F. (2016). Realistically furthering the goals of public health by cannabis legalization with strict regulation: Response to Kalant.International Journal of Drug Policy,34, 11-16.

Zombie Apocalypse Outline free essay sample

A. Christina and Kondo had arrived to Kuwait’s international airport and we were on our way to 360 mall to have lunch B. Mahmood Sultan, a crazy teen from Lebanon and a victim of social networks. Mustafa al Ghanim, an average Kuwaiti teen, very pious and old fashioned, enjoys a nice laugh with good friends. Ahmed al Massaed is a very weird in a good way – Kuwaiti teen, strongly devoted to God. Christina Eliopolis is a Colonel and a pilot from Tennessee. Kondo Tatsumi is a Japanese Samurai. C. We will survive â€Å"The Great Panic† for one month by getting supplies from Geant, use 360’s food court; Kondo Tatsumi with the help of Colonel Christina will put a strategy plan of survival. II. Overarching Strategy D. Just like with the Redecker plan, we will be sacrificing kids while we remain in an easily guarded mall with few points of entrance for the undead. We will write a custom essay sample on Zombie Apocalypse Outline or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page E. We will be eating lunch when we hear people yelling, we look at the ground floor and we see a zombie attack, we directly start thinking of a plan. We directly thought of Geant the supermarket, but there is no way down until Mustafa thought of the elevator so we all ran to the elevator except for Kondo who will go and search for the emergency engine and he will follow us. We arrive to Geant and apparently the zombies had not discovered it yet. Geant had huge metal gates that would close the whole market from the ceiling to the ground; we searched for the control room and closed it even though a lot of people were thereWe expect to be kept relatively safe here with ample food rations until a time when we need to actively fight against the undead. F. Find anything that we can use to defend ourselves or attack with in Geant that could be helpful for us, we will use the empty fridges, the closets, and the vents as our places to hide. Anything that has a scent will be used to distract the zombies from our smell. G. We will be using the rooftop as our main defense and while we run we will be using trapped civilians to buy us more time. III. Security H. Christina’s strengths are her connections to the American military Base and her aviation skills 1. Hey, I’m not minimizing our risks at all. Every day we had to fly over hundreds, if not thousands of enemy territory† (Brooks 171). 2. This shows her wealth of experience of aviation and zombies. I. Her weakness is temper. 3. â€Å"As much a legend for her temper as for her outstanding war record†¦Ã¢â‚¬  4. She is famous for not being able to manage her anger. 5. She can help us by talking to her friends in the American base in Kuwait to pick us up at the end A. Tatsumi’s strength is his experience in fighting zombies alone. 1. Tomonga says, â€Å"I told him that we might be facing 50 million monsters, but those monsters would be facing the gods† (Brooks 227). 2. He’s considered a god of fighting. B. His weakness is that he can easily get off task 1. â€Å"My mind was barely functional at that point. If even the first part of the plan had worked and I did manage to make it to the ground in that state†¦Ã¢â‚¬  2. Dreamer at times, becomes distracted from larger goal, hurts group as a whole. 3. Provides security. He will protect us as he goes off on his own away from the group C. Concluding Statement: We were lucky enough to have two very levelheaded and strong companions here in 360. D. As Tatsumi is used to fending for himself, he won’t be a burden. IV. Human Needs J. Geant supplies of fresh and processed food, food court, water, panadol, rooftop, broomsticks, kitchen knives, nails etc. K. Emergency generators, we will be throwing waste of the rooftop. v. Visual Aid A. Our visual aids are images of 360 Mall that will show the areas in which we will find our supplies, blueprints of the mall to devise strategies, and the locations of our resources and security devices. . Pictures that correspond with each point in time to give the audience an idea of how the plan will work. B. It illustrates where and how we’ll survive VI. Conclusion A. We will survive by using resources from the mall, following the Redecker plan, and with the help of the Samurai’s and Colonel’s strategy, skills, and experience. B. Using two experienced zombie kill ers, a naturally fortified building, and a business full of necessary resources, we will easily be able to last one month until Christina’s friend from the American base comes and helps us.

Are Viruss Alive Essay

Are Viruss Alive Essay Are Viruss Alive? Essay Kaylee Drew December 3, 2013 A Block From the various facts including the reproduction and growth status of the organisms and proven statistics I believe that viruses are indeed alive. Science proves that the bacteria in viruses have the same characteristics that a living organism does. Viruses are the most efficient entities on this planet to circulate and breed genetic material. They can multiply in mass numbers within minutes, and cause destruction throughout the world. Viruses carry genes, DNA, RNA and have protein material. These are some basic elements that living organisms like virus’s carry. In addition one of the last things that make a virus a living structure is its ability to infect any eukaryotic celled species such as humans or animals. Only a living thing can infect others and carry contagious illnesses. Therefore the given physiognomies proves the life of a virus. A virus can reproduce in hundreds within hours. For a virus to multiply it goes through a never ending cycle. First the virus attaches to the cell becoming one with the host,the virus than injects its DNA into a cell, the viruses DNA uses the cells organelles to grow and to destroy the cell, lastly the virus break out the dead cell. For the virus to multiply it must first attack itself to a host cell. The main entity is that the virus lives, breeds, and feeds off of its host. They depend on the host cell to reproduce as it says in the article â€Å"Introduction to the viruses† by C. Emilliani, it says that when a virus comes into contact with a host that it inserts it genetic material into giving it the ability to spread and reproduce. Reproduction of a virus can be bad news. It takes days or hours for a virus to spread through contact. Many virus’s have wiped out and killed thousands of people; such as â€Å"Bubonic Plague† and â€Å"Spanish Flu†. Some virus’s such as these, have destroyed families and left victims dead and in suffering. Thankfully, modern science ha s allowed us to prevent and treat many serious cases of virus’s, so many lives can be saved. For an organism to be considered â€Å"living† it must carry genetic material such as DNA/RNA virus do carry DNA and RNA. Though some material from a virus is engineered most is natural. Also, virus’s hold organelles such as mitochondria, ribosomes, DNA, and proteins. These are the elements that prove that viruses are alive, even though many eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells carry same organelles. They help a cell function and carry out its basic needs for survival. Although some might believe that viruses are complex biochemical mechanisms, others believe they are simple organisms from nature. Viruses go through different phases of life to benefit their life span, and reproduction quantity. Causing them to grow, change, adapt, and expand to benefit themselves.But virus’s make it to their main goal to infect a host. With all the evidence and organelles a virus b etrays, it surely is a flourishing entity. The main purpose in a virus’s life is to infect and grow in a host. Viruses are known for their negative, fatal, and disapproving effect they have on humans and animals. Viruses can only contaminate eukaryotic celled species or

Hypsilophodon - Facts and Figures

Hypsilophodon - Facts and Figures Name: Hypsilophodon (Greek for Hypsilophus-toothed); pronounced HIP-sih-LOAF-oh-don Habitat: Forests of western Europe Historical Period: Middle Cretaceous (125-120 million years ago) Size and Weight: About five feet long and 50 pounds Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Small size; bipedal posture; numerous teeth lining cheeks About Hypsilophodon The initial fossil specimens of Hypsilophodon were discovered in England in 1849, but it wasnt until 20 years later that they were recognized as belonging to an entirely new genus of dinosaur, and not to a juvenile Iguanodon (as paleontologists first believed). That wasnt the only misconception about Hypsilophodon: nineteenth-century scientists once speculated that this dinosaur lived high up in the branches of trees (since they couldnt imagine such a puny beast holding its own against contemporary giants like Megalosaurus) and/or walked on all fours, and some naturalists even thought it had armor plating on its skin! Heres what we do know about Hypsilophodon: this roughly human-sized dinosaur appears to have been built for speed, with long legs and a long, straight, stiff tail, which it held parallel to the ground for balance. Since we know from the shape and arrangement of its teeth that Hypsilophodon was a herbivore (technically a type of small, slender dinosaur known as an ornithopod), we can surmise that it evolved its sprinting ability as a way of escaping the large theropods (i.e., meat-eating dinosaurs) of its middle Cretaceous habitat, such as (possibly) Baryonyx and Eotyrannus. We also know that Hypsilophodon was closely related to Valdosaurus, another small ornithopod discovered on Englands Isle of Wight. Because it was discovered so early in the history of paleontology, Hypsilophodon is a case study in confusion. (Even this dinosaurs name is widely misunderstood: it technically means Hypsilophus-toothed, after a genus of modern lizard, in the same way that Iguanodon means Iguana-toothed, back when naturalists thought it actually resembled an iguana.) The fact is that it took decades for early paleontologists to reconstruct the ornithopod family tree, to which Hypsilophodon belongs, and even today ornithopods as a whole are virtually ignored by the general public, which prefers terrrifying meat-eating dinosaurs like Tyrannosaurus Rex or gigantic sauropods like Diplodocus.

Week 2-510 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Week 2-510 - Essay Example needed information, and when they receive the inputs, they should process it and take the correct decision for the proper functioning of the organization. One of the important inputs or aids that will surely help an organization in the decision making process is the research and statistics component. That is, components like descriptive statistics and probability concepts with good hypothesis and research will go a long way in aiding the management to come up with correct decisions. In the case to be analyzed, USA World Bank (UWB) is on the threshold of launching a new product, with the board already initiating the decision making process. And the component that is aiding this decision making process is the statistics work done by the respective department. So, this paper by using the research and statistical concepts will analyze the UWB’s issue or problem, opportunities, stakeholders’ view, end state vision, available solutions and the results. USA World Bank is facing some important issues, which needs quick and appropriate attention. The first issue is USA World Bank’s track record in introducing new products, which cannot be considered successful. Brian Allen, President of New Product Development for USA Word Bank, agrees with this fact, â€Å"Our new products have pretty much tanked in the past couple of years. We’re under a lot of pressure† (Scenario). So, the issue or challenge is to break this trend and introduce a truly workable product. The next issue that is plaguing USA World Bank is the need to select a product to launch using faulty statistical results. That is, a survey was done to find which product out of two, a consumer credit card or a credit card for small business owners will work optimally. Even though, the survey clearly favored the normal consumer credit card, the issue with that result is that a statistics specialist found faults with the statistical analysis particularly the me thod used to collect the data. As the product

Creating a plan for addressing the needs and issues in a Essay - 1

Creating a plan for addressing the needs and issues in a muliticultural classroom - Essay Example an that empowers students to achieve their highest potential, which in turn demands an equal, fair, and a culture sensitive teaching-learning process. This process involves specific teaching methods and practices that address the different needs of a multicultural environment. To successfully decide on teaching methods that facilitates students’ learning, a teacher must initially be familiar with the students, both as an individual and as a group (Burnette, 1999).These students will originate from varied backgrounds and may have different learning needs. A classroom may have students with different ethnic, cultural and religious beliefs, or may consist of immigrants who speak only their own native language. Some students may have a different sexual orientation; others may come from lower economic status, or have been raised by a single parent. Instances are also rampant when students have specific learning and physical disabilities that require special teaching provisions. At the beginning of the school year, it may prove beneficial for teachers to complete a student profile. Profile includes anecdotal records, questions that elicit helpful information regarding their individual backgrounds. Informal interviews may also help gain further informatio n and build teacher-student rapport. Promoting Human Relations with Emphasis on Respect and Dignity Because the classroom environment influences effective learning, a teacher must ensure that all students feel welcomed and accepted. In an open and friendly environment, rules must be firmly set against oppressive remarks and verbal abuse that are highly discriminatory. While teaching general values such as human respect and justice may be vague, setting positive examples and providing reinforcement to positive behaviors may be effective. The way teachers relate with the students impacts the students’ confidence, outlook and their capacity to learn. However, some students may be misinterpreted by their teachers. A

Speech Analysis Essay Example for Free

Speech Analysis Essay On October 10, 2013 I gave a speech to my classmates about the three most important steps in investigating a murder case. These are including separating witnesses, collecting evidence, and interviewing suspects. Watching the video of my speech, I observed many strengths and weaknesses: strengths including a lot of facts, an interesting topic, and talking at an average pace. Weaknesses that stuck out to me were my hands consistently being in my pockets and reading directly off my notecards. The first thing I thought I did well was including a lot of facts. This is important because it was an informative speech and the goal was to inform the audience of information about a topic they were not aware of. I feel as if adding information, that wasn’t necessarily told to the public, about JonBenet Ramsey’s case was a good decision on my part. For example, I incorporated that JonBenet’s father received a raise earlier that year of the same exact amount of money that was asked for in the ransom note. The second thing I thought I did well was picking an interesting topic. The subject of criminal justice is just exciting all around. From mysteries to solving crimes it is all enjoyable to learn about. Criminal justice and the JonBenet case was a good topic to choose because it kept the audience’s attention. When hearing about a mystery or an unsolved murder crime it is practically expected to stick around and listen to the end to see if it has been figured out if not people are left with a cliff hanger. The third strength would be talking at an average pace. If one talks too fast it’s hard to comprehend all the information that’s being thrown at you. Therefore maintaining a good pace helps to add onto time and to keep the audience’s responsiveness. Talking too slow can affect the outcome also though. There has to be a happy medium. Now that I have discussed strengths, I will now move onto weaknesses and how I can improve them in the future. During my speech I kept moving my hands in and out of my pockets. This is considered as a distracting mannerism and can affect the audience’s attention to my hands rather than what I am saying. I can improve this by keeping my hands to my side where they are out of the way and ignore my nervous habits. The final weakness I noticed was how often I looked at my notecards. It honestly just looks extremely weird looking up and down constantly. Memorization is key and I can improve this by practicing more often and in front of different people to get more comfortable with my words. I can’t just sit here and say I need to do this either, because it won’t change unless I continue to take action to make myself better. All in all I thought my speech went well over all. There are positives and negatives out of everything one does. In this case the strengths were a lot of facts, interesting topic, and talking at an average pace. The weaknesses were hands in my pockets and reading directly off my cards. Both of these weaknesses are completely capable of being changed. By the end of this semester I plan to have successfully given a speech without the little mistakes. All it takes is practice, motivation, and knowledge and quite frankly I feel as if I have all three!

All Quiet on the Western Front: Taking Leaves :: World Literature

Paul Bäumer's leave from the war is an opportunity for him to see life removed from the harshness of war. As he makes the journey home, the closer he gets the more uncomfortable he feels. He describes the final part of his journey, "then at last the landscape becomes disturbing, mysterious, and familiar." (154) Rather than being filled with comfort at the familiarity of his homeland, he is uneasy. War has changed him to the extent in which he can no longer call the place where he grew up home. Bäumer visits with his mother and recognizes that ideally this is exactly what he wanted. "Everything I could have wished for has happened. I have come out of it safely and sit here beside her." (159) But ultimately he will decide that he should have never gone on leave because it is just too hard to be around his family and see how different he has become. Bäumer finds that it is easier to remain out on the war front than return to his family. Before Bäumer gets leave to return to his family, he often discusses how the war has changed him and his comrades. However, he does not understand to the great extent in which he has changed until he returns to his old life. Seeing his family, his old home, his bedroom, his piano, and dressing in his old clothes is a direct confrontation with the distance the war has created between his old self and his new self. "A sense of strangeness will not leave me; I cannot feel at home amongst these things... I am not myself there. There is a distance, a veil between us." (160) It is heartbreaking for Bäumer to see his family because he has learned to disconnect his emotions in the war. Once soldiers train themselves to be so disconnected, it is different to reverse the effect. The emotional disconnection has destroyed Bäumer's sense of humanity and makes it difficult for him to be around not just his family, but all people who are not soldiers like him. He enjoys the scenery of his homeland but does not like being around all of the people. "It is pleasant to sit quietly somewhere... This is good, I like it. But I cannot get on with the people.

Learning and Teaching Styles Essay

Wk. 2 Learning and Teaching Styles â€Å"In almost every actual well-designed study, Mr. Pashler and his colleagues write in their paper, ‘Learning Styles: Concepts and Evidence,’ the pattern is similar: For a given lesson, one instructional technique turns out to be optimal for all groups of students, even though students with certain learning styles may not love that technique. † (2009) I wanted to start this paper with this quote since it did involve some sort of evidence that teaching in one style still works. Students can and do succeed and have received equal scores as their peers whose learning styles matched the teachers methods of teaching. I do believe however that students may not catch on as fast and lose interest easier when being taught material. This is why I would still use different methods of teaching versus just one. As a visual learner, I understand how difficult it can be to orally receive directions for an assignment or other activity. I thrive on written directions and learning materials that need to be read or are graphed. I often had to ask the teacher numerous times to repeat the directions because I wasn’t sure what I was supposed to do. This put me behind and my grades occasionally suffered as a result. As a past teacher who worked in a school that believed in teaching using the multiple intelligences method, I found great joy in seeing my students succeed. As teachers, we were required to hand in our lesson plans weekly to the principal. Our lesson plans had to involve each of the intelligences. This was my first real job as a teacher and I did not completely understand why we were required to do this and not use our own personal methods. Looking back, I am so grateful that I learned and saw first hand the consequences of teaching using the multiple intelligences. I enjoyed seeing my student’s motivation rise as their type of learning was focused on for a particular lesson. When I go back to teaching, I will with no doubt in my mind, use this method again. It completely fits with my style of teaching most likely because it was my first real experience and works even for those students who have a completely different learning style than I do. In an ESL classroom, â€Å"dividing a lesson into phases† (Palmberg) to make sure I use each of the intelligences is ideal. I firmly believe that this method works no matter how different a student’s learning style is from the teacher. In a sample lesson for example, I would explain the topic (i. e. vocabulary words on food items) and give the students an overview of what they will need to do and what they are expected to learn. I would read them a story relating to food or going shopping. Next I would have them write down their own list of items that their families normally buy often for a real-life experience. The next phase is to divide the class into groups and share each other’s lists. They would also discuss what their ideal list and store layout would be like if they could buy any type of food that they wanted from their ideal grocery store. They would then move on to thinking about a song or songs that is about food. We would play that song the following day. For the students who feel comfortable, creating their own body expressions describing food would be next and sharing these movements with the rest of the class. This exercise could be turned into a fun lesson where the rest of the class would have to guess which food item is being emphasized (like charades). We would next come up with a class list of favorite food items. There would more than likely be some disagreement so I would divide them up in half asking them to have a debate based on reasonable food limits and favorites to come up with an ideal list. We would do the same thing for the ideal store layout. For the sake of repetition, each original group would compare with the class their original lists and new â€Å"reasonable† list and layout. I believe this lesson would take a few days but involves most if not all intelligences. Being a visual learner, I can benefit from the students who are different from me as much as they benefit from me and the lessons I teach them using the different intelligences. For example, as I try and improve my weaknesses in some forms of learning, I can benefit from the students who learn better in a completely different way (say kinesthetic). They will get much benefit from the part of the lesson that involves movement and I will get the same benefit seeing how they react and learn to this part of the lesson. To make things fun for the students (and me) those willing could come up with their own way of teaching each other about a certain topic. I would of course give them the general rules and guidelines and they would do the rest. I think each student could benefit from this because they would more than likely use their favorite way of learning to â€Å"teach† a lesson. For those who do not want to do this, they could also benefit from this since it is an exercise that is not ordinarily done and will hold interest longer. I am not a teacher and never have been one who forces students to do something that makes them feel uncomfortable (i. e. standing up and doing a charade). I think that this will do more harm than good. The student may back off and not participate or be eager to learn for fear that they may be picked on by their peers or even the teacher. I had this experience in middle school and know how it feels. I began to pull myself away from the class and especially the teacher. As a result, I did poorly in the class. For these types of students, a more gentle approach is necessary. The teacher may ask this type of student to write an explanation of what they would do or simply tell the teacher what they would do for an assignment. This is why I am such a believer of the multiple intelligences method. It involves all students and doesn’t single out particular ones. Everyone benefits and everyone learns based on their own learning strengths. Another less popular/obvious benefit of this teaching method is related to the impact that the students learning has on their own family and home life. I think that because a student is more eager to learn as a result of the multiple intelligences method, they will carry their positive attitude into their home life and be more compliant towards their family and of course themselves. As we all know, a student’s home life reflects their attitudes and success in school. References: chronicle. com/article/Matching-Teaching-Style-to/49497/ www. sube. com/†¦ /integrating_learning_styles_and_skills_in_e†¦ www. tecweb. org/styles/gardner. html www. tefl. net/esl-lesson-plans/multiple-intelligences. htm Gardner, Howard. 1993. Multiple intelligences. The theory in practice. New York: Basic Books.

Chivalry Codes

Is chivalry dead? Chivalry is a combinations of qualities expected from an â€Å"ideal† knight, in the contemporary times. Some ideas of chivalry include courage, honesty, loyalty, courtesy, and truth. Chivalry was the medieval principles governing knighthood and knightly conduct, if you were a knight; you were expected to follow these rules. But not all knights in the seventeenth century followed these rules honestly or courageously. Some knights dishonored the code, putting their pride above the people they were supposed to serve.If there were dishonest knights in the contemporary times, chivalry in the modern world is indefinitely dead. Generations of dishonesty of corrupted knights from the contemporary times to modern caused the neglection of chivalric duties to collapse. The nature of these fraudulent knights is to put themselves above others, their character influence the young and future knights to be. When Wictred fought with Prince Tristan in the literary work, Trist an & Isolde, his true corrupted side showed as he cheated to defeat the prince. According to the chivalric code, honesty was absent, which shows lost of chivalric regards.Wictred’s way of play reflected off of the younger beings who probably will mock his way of traits and qualities, which begin the chain of deceitful knights and people, each losing more chivalric manners along the way. As more degraded knights ascend the line of modern time, they carry a burden on their shoulders, which is symbolized by chivalry. As careless features begin to arise within the generations of knights, the fewer burdens they want on their shoulders. As time passes on, chivalric codes are decreasing, and soon, dropped forever.

Character and Setting Analysis of the Play Fences

Character and Setting Analysis of the Play 'Fences' Arguably August Wilsons most renowned work, Fences explores the life and relationships of the Maxson family. This moving drama was written in 1983 and earned Wilson his first Pulitzer Prize. Fences  is part of  August Wilsons Pittsburg Cycle, a collection of ten plays. Each drama explores a different decade in the 20th century, and each examines the lives and struggles of African-Americans. The protagonist, Troy Maxson is a restless trash-collector and former baseball athlete. Though deeply flawed, he represents the struggle for justice and fair treatment during the 1950s. Troy also represents human natures reluctance to recognize and accept social change. In the playwrights setting description, symbols connected to his character can be found: the house, the incomplete fence, the porch, and the makeshift baseball tied to a tree branch. Origins of Troy Maxson According to Joseph Kelly, editor of The Seagull Reader: Plays, Troy Maxson is loosely based upon August Wilsons step-father, David Bedford. The following can be said about both men: Talented, young athletes.Unable to attend college.Turned to crime for income.Killed a man.Spent decades in prison.Married and settled down to a new life after a  prison term. The Setting Reveals the Man The set description provides several clues to the heart of Troy Maxsons character. Fences takes place in the front yard of Troys ancient two-story brick house. The house is a source of both pride and shame for Troy. He is proud to provide a home for his family. He is also ashamed because he realizes that the only way he could afford the house is through his brother (a mentally unstable WWII veteran) and the disability checks he receives because of it. Building Fences Also mentioned in the setting description, an incomplete fence borders part of the yard. Tools and lumber are off to the side. These set pieces will provide the literal and metaphoric activity of the play: building a fence around Troys property. Questions to consider in an essay about Fences: What does the act of building a fence symbolize?What is Troy Maxson trying to keep out?What is he trying to keep in? Troy's Porch and Homelife According to the playwrights description, the wooden porch is badly in need of paint. Why does it need paint? Well, in practical terms, the porch is a recent addition to the house. Therefore, it could simply be seen as a task not quite finished. However, the porch is not the only thing in dire need of attention. Troys wife of eighteen years, Rose, has also been neglected. Troy has spent time and energy on both his wife and the porch. However, Troy ultimately does not commit to his marriage nor to the unpainted, unfinished porch, leaving each to the mercy of the elements. Baseball and "Fences" At the beginning of the script, August Wilson makes certain to mention an important prop placement. A baseball bat leans against the tree and a ball of rags is tied to a branch. Both Troy and his teenage son Cory (a football star in the making - if it wasnt for his embittered father) practice swinging at the ball. Later on in the play, when the father and son argue, the bat will be turned on Troy - though Troy will ultimately win in that confrontation. Troy Maxson was a great baseball player, at least according to his friend Bono. Although he played brilliantly for the Negro Leagues, he was not allowed to on the white teams, unlike Jackie Robinson. The success of Robinson and other black players is a sore subject for Troy. Because he was born at the wrong time, he never earned the recognition or the money which he felt he deserved and discussion of professional sports will often send him into a tirade. Baseball serves as Troys main way of explaining his actions. When he talks about facing death, he uses baseball terminology, comparing a face-off with the grim reaper to a duel between a pitcher and a batter. When he bullies his son Cory, he warns him: TROY: You swung and you missed. Thats strike one. Dont you strike out! During Act Two of Fences, Troy confesses to Rose about his infidelity. He explains not only that he has a mistress, but that she is pregnant with his child. He uses a baseball metaphor to explain why he had an affair: TROY: I fooled them, Rose. I bunted. When I found you and Cory and a halfway decent job . . . I was safe. Couldnt nothing touch me. I wasnt gonna strike out no more. I wasnt going back to the penitentiary. I wasnt gonna lay in the streets with a bottle of wine. I was safe. I had me a family. A job. I wasnt gonna get that last strike. I was on first looking for one of them boys to knock me in. To get me home.​ ROSE: You should have stayed in my bed, Troy. TROY: Then when I saw that gal . . . she firmed up my backbone. And I got to thinking that if I tried . . . I just might be able to steal second. Do you understand after eighteen years I wanted to steal second. Troy the Garbage Man The final details mentioned in the setting description reflect Troys later years as a hard-working garbage man. August Wilson writes, Two oil drums serve as garbage receptacles and sit near the house. For nearly two decades, Troy worked from the back of the garbage truck alongside his friend Bono. Together, they hauled junk throughout the neighborhoods and alleyways of Pittsburg. But Troy wanted more. So, he finally sought a promotion - not an easy task due to the white, racist employers and union members. Ultimately, Troy earns the promotion, allowing him to drive the garbage truck. However, this creates a solitary occupation, distancing himself from Bono and other friends (and perhaps symbolically separating himself from his African-American community).

Biography of Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar

Biography of Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1910-1995) was one of the giants of modern astronomy and astrophysics in the 20th Century. His work connected the study of physics to the structure and evolution of stars and helped astronomers understand how stars live and die. Without his forward-thinking research, astronomers might have labored far longer to comprehend the basic nature of stellar processes that govern how all stars radiate heat to space, age, and how the most massive ones ultimately die. Chandra, as he was known, was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in physics for his work on the theories that explain the structure and evolution of stars. The orbiting Chandra X-Ray Observatory is also named in his honor. Early Life Chandra was born in Lahore, India on October 19th, 1910. At the time, India was still part of the British Empire. His father was a government service officer and his mother raised the family and spent much time translating literature into the Tamil language. Chandra was the third oldest of ten children and was educated at home until the age of twelve. After attending high school in Madras (where the family moved), he attended Presidency College, where he received his bachelors degree in physics. His honors standing afforded him a scholarship for graduate school to Cambridge in England, where he studied under such luminaries as P.A.M. Dirac. He also studied physics in Copenhagen during his graduate career. Chandrasekhar was awarded a Ph.D. from Cambridge in 1933 and was elected to a fellowship at Trinity College, working under astronomers Sir Arthur Eddington and E.A. Milne.   Development of Stellar Theory Chandra developed much of his early idea about stellar theory while he was on his way to begin graduate school. He was fascinated with mathematics as well as physics, and immediately saw a way to model some important stellar characteristics using math. At the age of 19, onboard a sailing ship from India to England, he began thinking about what would happen if ​Einsteins theory of relativity could be applied to explain the processes at work inside stars and how they affect their evolution. He worked out calculations that showed how a star much more massive than the Sun would not simply burn up its fuel and cool, as astronomers of the time assumed. Instead, he used to physics to show that a very massive stellar object would actually collapse to a tiny dense point- the singularity of a black hole. In addition, he worked out whats called the Chandrasekhar Limit, which says that a star with a mass 1.4 times that of the Sun will almost certainly end its life in a supernova explosion . Stars many times this mass will collapse at the ends of their lives to form black holes. Anything less than that limit will stay a white dwarf forever. An Unexpected Rejection Chandras work was the first mathematical demonstration that such objects as black holes could form and exist and the first to explain how mass limits affected stellar structures. By all accounts, this was an amazing piece of mathematical and scientific detective work. However, when Chandra arrived at Cambridge, his ideas were soundly rejected by Eddington and others. Some have suggested that endemic racism played a role in the way Chandra was treated by the better-known and apparently egotistical older man, who had somewhat contradictory ideas about the structure of stars. It took many years before Chandras theoretical work was accepted, and he actually had to leave England for the more accepting intellectual climate of the United States. Several times after that, he mentioned the overt racism he faced as a motivation for moving forward in a new country where his research could be accepted regardless of his skin color. Eventually, Eddington and Chandra parted cordially, despite the o lder mans previous disdainful treatment. Chandras Life in America Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar arrived in the U.S. at the invitation of the University of Chicago and took up a research and teaching post there that he held for the rest of his life. He plunged into studies of a subject called radiative transfer, which explains how radiation moves through matter such as the layers of a star such as the Sun). He then worked on extending his work on massive stars. Nearly forty years after he first proposed his ideas about white dwarfs (the massive remains of collapsed stars) black holes and the Chandrasekhar Limit, his work was finally widely accepted by astronomers. He went on to win the Dannie Heineman prize for his work in 1974, followed by the Nobel Prize in 1983. Chandras Contributions to Astronomy Upon his arrival in the United States in 1937, Chandra worked at the nearby Yerkes Observatory in Wisconsin. He eventually joined NASAs Laboratory for Astrophysics and Space Research (LASR) at the University, where he mentored a number of graduate students. He also pursued his research into such varied areas as stellar evolution, followed by a deep dive into stellar dynamics, ideas about Brownian motion (the random motion of particles in a fluid), radiative transfer (the transfer of energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation), quantum theory, all the way to studies of black holes and gravitational waves late in his career. During World War II, Chandra worked for the Ballistic Research Laboratory in Maryland, where he was also invited to join the Manhattan Project by Robert Oppenheimer. His security clearance took too long to process, and he was never involved with that work. Later in his career, Chandra edited one of the most prestigious journals in astronomy, the Astrophysical Journal. He never worked at another university, preferring to stay at the University of Chicago, where he was Morton D. Hull Distinguished Professor in astronomy and astrophysics. He retained emeritus status in 1985 after his retirement. He also created a translation of Sir Isaac Newtons book Principia that he hoped would appeal to regular readers. The work, Newtons Principia for the Common Reader,  was published just before his death.   Personal Life Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar was married to Lalitha Doraiswamy in 1936. The couple met during their undergraduate years in Madras. He was the nephew of the great Indian physicist C.V. Raman (who developed the theories of light scattering in a medium that carry his name). After emigrating to the United States, Chandra and his wife became citizens in 1953. Chandra wasnt just a world leader in astronomy and astrophysics; he was also devoted to literature and the arts. In particular, he was an ardent student of western classical music. He often lectured on the relationship between the arts and the sciences and in 1987, compiled his lectures into a book called Truth and Beauty: the Aesthetics and Motivations in Science,  focused on the confluence of the two topics. Chandra died in 1995 in Chicago after suffering a heart attack. Upon his death, he was saluted by astronomers around the world, all of whom have used his work to further their understanding of the mechanics and evolution of stars in the universe. Accolades Over the course of his career, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar won many awards for his advancements in astronomy. In addition to those mentioned, he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1944, was given the Bruce Medal in 1952, the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society, the Henry Draper Medal of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, and the Humboldt Prize. His Nobel Prize winnings were donated by his late widow to the University of Chicago to create a fellowship in his name.

18th and 19th Amendments Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

18th and 19th Amendments - Research Paper Example This paper tells that both the 18th and 19th amendments to the American Constitution and their implementation history show such a complex path of rising and fall. The 18th amendment, that came into effect between 1920 and 1933, prohibited manufacture, selling and transportation of alcohol in the country. The 19th amendment was ratified in 1920, which made constitutional the right of every citizen to cast vote in elections without being discriminated on the basis of race or gender. The alcohol prohibition amendment had to be later repealed as there was â€Å"widespread abuses of†¦(the)†¦ law†. But the 19th amendment stood the test of time and despite the attempts to legally contest it, the amendment was endorsed by Supreme Court as part of the Constitution. The 18th amendment had become a historical necessity because of the poverty and economic backwardness that grew in the society, as associated with drinking. In the first century and half of the colonial rule in Ame rica, drinking was considered quite a normal entertainment activity. Though drunkenness was considered as a vice, the blame always went to the drinker, not to those who manufactured or sold alcohol. But slowly, people came to understand the real nature of alcohol that is addictive and unhealthy. Thus alcohol came to be identified with poverty, breakage of peace in the family and also in the social fabric as well. The late 1800s and early 1900s saw the formation of temperance societies which campaigned against alcoholism. Though by 1916, 23 states enacted prohibition laws, it was the 18th amendment, passed in 1920, that applied prohibition to the whole of the nation. The major drawback of this legislation which eventually led to its repeal (owing to being ineffective), was that it only prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of liquor, while possession, consumption or home production were not banned. The amendment had given a one year relaxation period to clear the exist ing stocks but this omission further weakened the legislation.

Eliminating the Home Mortgage Tax Deduction Essay

Eliminating the Home Mortgage Tax Deduction - Essay Example White argue that taxpayers were now allowed to deduct interest they pay on secured loan by qualified homes, either their main home or a second home. The loans in this case include first and second mortgages, credit’s home equity line and home equity loans. White (1) argues that recreational vehicles and even boats may also qualify as home in case they have cooking sleeping and toilet facilities. White notes that millions of US homeowners depend on the Mortgage Interest Tax Deduction as a way of reducing their true cost of homeownership and have more disposable income. This interest is filed on form 1040 of schedule A accompanied with other itemized deductions such as medical expenses, real estate property tax and donations. In this case, taxpayers are expected to fill in Schedule A, to determine if their itemized deductions exceed the standard. If this is proved so, then taxpayers will save more money based on their taxes by itemizing. Over the past years, many issues and cont roversies surrounding Home Mortgage Tax Deduction have arisen as to whether or not it should be scraped. Many economists consider it a waste of money due to concern about the federal budget deficit (Perez 1). They argue that Home Mortgage Tax Deduction does very little to assist in lowering income homeowners make the changeover from renters to owners. These economists say that Home Mortgage Tax Deduction only encourage upper income buyers to buy big homes to take bigger mortgages a view which I also concur with. This paper will discuss why Home Mortgage Tax Deduction should be scraped as a way of cutting the budget. History of the residential housing market Muth and Goodman (1) argue that housing is the most precious and unique commodity. In US for instance, about one-seventh of all personal consumption expenditures are on housing exclusive of other household operations and furnishing. They notes that residential real estate accounts for more than half of the US fixed capital stock and about one-quarter of the country’s gross lending investments are made up of construction of residential estates. Mortgage lending has however varied for one-quarter to one-fifth of all funds raised by Americas credit markets. United States is one country that has faced economic housing bubbles over the past few years affecting many parts of the countries housing market. For instance, the prices of housing peaked at the beginning of 2006 with a decline towards 2007 reaching its low recently in this year. For instance, at around December 2008, the home price index of Case-Shiller reported the largest drop in prices in America’s history. It is argued that increased rates of foreclosure between 2006 and 2007 among homeowners in US is what led to the crisis that hit the country in August 2008 for credit, subprime, mortgage, hedge funds. Leader of the realty and mortgage industries Economy Watch (1) notes that real estate industry emerged as one of the major industries i n the united states over the past few years. It argues that the housing bubble witnessed in Florida, California, and Michigan, and New York brought with it major changes in real estate in US. The housing bubble was the result of an increase in valuation of real estate in the US domestic territory. Economy Watch reports that mortgage lenders, commercial banks and other financial

Data Anlaysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Data Anlaysis - Assignment Example Use a calculator and your sample to calculate ∑X, ∑Y, ∑XY and ∑X2. Use these values to write down the pair of ‘normal equations’ the solutions of which give the constant term (a) and the slope coefficient (b) of the fitted Ordinary Least Squares line Y = a + bX. Step 2. This step involves taking the partial derivatives and setting them equal zero provides us with candidate points for a minimization or maximization. In this step we write the equation that the partial derivatives will be taken in matrix form. Step 3. The partial derivatives of the matrix is taken in this step and set equal to zero. b is a vector or coefficients or parameters. Because the equation is in matrix form, there are k partial derivatives (one for each parameter in b) set equal to zero. Step 4. Simple matrix algebra is used to rearrange the equation. The first order conditions are to set the partials equal to zero. First, all terms are divided by the scalar 2. This removes the scalar from the equation. This is simply for ease. Second, is added to both side of the equation. On the left hand side, the two terms and cancel each other out leaving the null matrix. This step moves to the right hand side. Step 5. Finally, b is found by pre multiplying both sides by . Division by matrices is not defined, but multiplying by the inverse is a similar operation. Recall, , where I is the identity matrix. Multiplying any matrix, A, by I results in A, similar to multiplying by one in linear algebra. The coefficient of GDP is 0.0098662. So for every unit increase in  GDP, a .0.0098662 unit increase in  IN  is predicted, holding all other variables constant. On the other hand the p-value associated with the GDP is 0.800 a value greater than 0.05 (significance level), we thus fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the coefficient for  GDP  (.0098662) is not statistically significantly different from 0. Thus at 5% level of significance

Managing Intelligence in National Security

Managing Intelligence in National Security At which stage of the intelligence cycle is failure most likely to occur, and why? The most common, traditional paradigm for managing intelligence ‘flow’ is a cycle of four components: direction, collection, processing, and dissemination. Direction comes from policymakers: heads of government agencies, heads of state, senior government officials tasked with overseeing intelligence, and the like, who provide both specific and general roadmaps to intelligence agencies as to how they should apply their resources to defend national interests both at home and abroad. Collection is the process by which intelligence is gathered in a variety of fashions: via HUMINT – intelligence data collected by personal, human effort ‘on the ground’; electronically, e.g. SIGINT (interception of signals), IMINT (satellite, photographic imagining intelligence), etc. Processing is the analysis of the data obtained in the collection component, the means by which the nature, relevance and relative importance of the collected intelligence is ascertained by mea ns both scientific and intuitive. (Arguably, processing is the most important component of the cycle, but the least amount of money is often budgeted to this component of the cycle.) Dissemination refers to the process by which the relevant information is channeled to the appropriate decision-making party within a timetable commensurate with the importance of the information collected and the results of the processing/analysis. Each of the four components of the cycle is fraught with peril for failure and failure in any one component can be catastrophic. The two arenas where failure is most likely to occur, however, are collection and analysis. Failures in collection are often due to lack of applied resources, whether technological or human. The debate has raged for decades over whether HUMINT is superior to intelligence data gathered by increasingly advancing technological wizardry. Most likely, a healthy application of and symbiosis between the two is critical. There is no substitute for the personal presence of agents, operatives, and contacts on the ground, substantially integrated with useful components of whichever society in which they are placed. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was woefully lacking in human collection efforts in Afghanistan in the wake of the 9/11 attacks, and in Iraq during the same time period (though to a lesser extent). Compounding matters was the dearth of CIA field operatives or domestically-based personnel who spoke the common languages of the Middle East – Arabic, Farsi, Pashtun, etc. However, rapid advances in computer technology have enabled the collection of vast quantities o f raw intelligence data – telephone calls, e-mails, radio transmissions, etc., and intelligence agencies who lack such technology will invariably be at a massive disadvantage. Failures in processing/analysis can occur when the collection apparatus has delivered all of the puzzle pieces, usually due to either a collective/institutional, or individual inability to connect the proverbial dots and turn raw data into actionable intelligence conclusions. The 9/11 attacks are a regrettably perfect example of failures in analysis. Discrete entities in the U.S. intelligence community – the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and CIA, as well as other government agencies (the Immigration and Naturalization Service and Federal Aviation Administration) – all possessed nuggets of raw data which if analyzed properly, would clearly have indicated (in fact, some say did definitively indicate) that an Al-Qaida attack on the U.S. using airplanes was imminent. However, these entities failed to share this data and collaborate cooperatively to analyze it. Turf warfare, egos, bureaucratic inertia, and competing political agendas can easily cause fatal paralysis in intelligence processing. The costs of covert action tend to outweigh its benefits. Discuss. The question of whether the costs of covert action outweigh its benefits depend greatly on the context of the covert action; is it an ongoing, multi-year low-intensity campaign involving numerous agendas, or is it an urgent, high-priority single mission designed to achieve a massive single strategic goal? Also, the notion of costs must be defined in relative terms – monetary costs, human costs, opportunity costs; indirect costs (unintended consequences); other abstract and intangible costs such as ethics, legal ramifications, etc. The CIA has long been involved in low-intensity covert actions in a variety of nations, with varying degrees of success. The Iran-Contra affair, in which Reagan administration officials diverted proceeds from the sale of arms to Iran to anti-Marxist Nicaraguan rebels in the mid-1980s, was costly in both monetary terms (hundreds of millions of pounds) and legal terms – a number of Reagan administration officials were subjected to criminal charg es for their roles in facilitating both the operation itself and the cover-up of the operation (the American Congress had passed a law forbidding U.S. government direct aid to the Contras). However, in the wake of 9/11, when the U.S. government concluded that decisive force was required to respond to Al-Qaida’s attack on U.S. soil, the CIA and DoD (Department of Defense) were authorized by President Bush to spend whatever was necessary to execute some of the most bold covert actions – particularly in HUMINT undertaken by American intelligence agencies in decades. HUMINT capacity at the CIA eroded as, ironically, the moral excesses of covert activities of the 1960s-1970s caused a backlash that choked off HUMINT funding priority; also, the end of the Cold War led many policymakers to conclude that the CIA’s resources were better spent on electronic means of collection, as covert action can be prohibitively expensive in both time and money. However, the CIA was authorized and ordered to act boldly and within a matter of weeks, had substantial HUMINT on the ground in Afghanistan both collecting data and coordinating with DoD military planners to levera ge intelligence into actionable military plans. The goal: to defeat the Taliban, who had hosted Al-Qaida in a darkly symbiotic relationship which held the country in a repressive stranglehold and provided safe haven for the training of thousands of would-be terrorists. Mindful of the failure of the Soviet Union’s 1979 invasion of Afghanistan, CIA realized that only an asymmetrical application of covert power (mirroring Al-Qaida’s approach to the 9/11 attacks, ironically) would be effective, as a conventional ground war could be too costly in both manpower and lives on both sides. A shrewd application of HUMINT, technology, and good old-fashioned money engineered the relatively rapid American triumph in Afghanistan in 2001. CIA operatives on the ground descended into Afghanistan with little support, made contact with sympathetic Afghan warlords, dispensed hundreds of millions of dollars to other warlords and tribal leaders, in some cases simply to bribe them into switching sides and fight against the Taliban and Al-Qaida. These same operatives also used hand-held laser GPS equipment to target enemy strongholds and transmit this location data directly to U.S. aircraft, who in turn dropped laser-guided bombs with deadly efficiency. The cost was in the billions, but the victory was swift, decisive, and – given the ramifications of the triumph – extremely inexpensive, relatively speaking. As such, not all covert operations are too costly to make them worthwhile. Discuss the importance of open sources collection in comparison to clandestine collection. Is clandestine collection indeed more valuable? Open-source(s) collection refers to the collection of actionable or otherwise valuable/relevant intelligence data from publicly available sources. Prior to the advent of the Internet, this methodology was not without value, but in many cases prohibitively time-intensive, and less prone to yield results. Though the type of information available to the public at a local library might surprise a layperson, it is dwarfed by what is now available on the Internet to anyone with a personal computer. In some cases, an intelligence analyst sitting at a desk in London can gather valuable, reliable information about conditions on the ground in a city halfway across the globe – weather conditions, local news, political and business developments, cultural idiosyncracies. Other sources of OSINT, as it is termed, include diverse sources as consultations with experts in various fields within academia or the business world, professional associations, professional conventions, to simple thought ful Google searches and reading of blogs. The trend globally is towards an ever-increasing amount of openness of information exchange thanks to the Internet. Increasingly sophisticated ‘sweeper’ data-mining software technology, which is often used to collect and in some cases process large volumes of conventional communication traffic, are being utilized by the CIA to scan millions of websites, searching for key terms, phrases, contexts, which might indicate that human review would be advantageous or essential. Instructions to make improvised explosive devices can easily be posted on websites, and 21st century intelligence collection must conform to this new reality. In comparison, the best use of clandestine intelligence vis-à  -vis OSINT efforts is to obtain highly specialized or esoteric intelligence information that is either intentionally kept confidential (classified government secrets, for example). OISINT processing and analysis can help frame and answer a number of general questions and/or analyze larger patterns and trends, whereas clandestine intelligence can help answer targeted, specific questions that cannot be ascertained by either human or computer OSINT efforts. For example, in response to the intelligence reforms demanded in the wake of the failure to anticipate and prevent the 9/11 attacks, the CIA formed an â€Å"Open Source Center† (OSC) to focus specifically on OSINT. In 2004, OSC used OSINT technology to discover that a new, powerful Chinese submarine had been constructed in an underground location heretofore unknown to the American military and intelligence community. The tip-off? Chinese military bloggers, one of whom posted a photograph of the impressive new Chinese submarine (the Yuan-class attack submarine) on a publicly viewable website. CIA in turn employed HUMINT and electronic surveillance to ascertain where the submarine had been constructed and what its operational abilities might be. In a less dramatic example, OSC searched Iraqi websites for postings related to the use of IEDs (Improvised Explosive Devices), in some cases gathering actionable data which helped avert the use of these deadly terrorist tools. (The inad vertent destruction of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade in 1999 by NATO bombs might have been averted by some of the most rudimentary OSINT – having a human operative walk down the street to make sure the military target’s address was correct.) Clandestine collection activities, particularly HUMINT efforts, will always have their place, but in a world where information is available anywhere, anytime, at the click of a mouse, intelligence agencies must dedicate significant resources to OSINT.

autism Essay examples -- essays research papers

Autism Research Paper   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Autism is a neurological disorder that was identified by Dr. Leo Kanner 50 years ago. Autism can affect someone very mildly or severally and it can effect language, communication, and/or gross motor skills. It is the most devastating disorder a child could have and it also is devastating for the family. There is no medicine and no cure for autism but there are glutton free diets that help.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People with autism can look normal but they lack communication skills and are withdrawn within there own world. Many people with autism usually have rituals or they do the same thing constantly which makes them need constant supervision from their parents or state agencies. Children with autism usually don’t ever use creative or imaginative play. They also need to be taught everything that they know. There is an estimated 400,000 autistic people in the U.S. from any ethnic or racial background. The social, emotional, and financial costs of autism to the family and to state or federal agencies is very high. Autism affects its victims in a wide variety of ways. Some do well in special supportive environments, other are completely independent and function fairly well, and still others may never learn to talk or be able to work or live independently. It is common for an autistic person to avoid being touched because of a strong sense of touch. A light touch to most people may hurt an autistic person. Yet some a...

Social Research Methods

Social Research Methods/Unobtrusive Research Introduction – Unobtrusive measures are ways of studying social behavior whithout affecting it in the process. Unobtrusive research is simply the methods of studying social behaviorwithout affecting it. – There are three types of unobtrusive research: Content Analysis Analysis of existing statistics Comparative and historical analysis Content Analysis – With content analysis you focus on the details of recorded human communications.For example you would analyze a painting a written document, photos, films, and things like face book. – Appropriate topics include who says what, to whom, why, how, and with what effect. For example, if our unit of analysis is writers, then we can use units of observation like novels written by them, chapters and paragraphs of the novels, etc. – Variable identification and measurement in content analysis depend on clarity of the unit of analysis. – Content Analysis involves coding which may attend to both manifest and latent content.The determination of latent content requires judgements by the researcher. – Both quantitative and qualitative techniques are appropriate for interpreting content analysis data. – There are four characteristics that are usually coded in content analysis: 1) Frequency – a count of the number of occurrences of a word, phrase, image, etc 2) Direction – the direction in meaning of the text content (e. g. positive vs negative or active vs passive) 3) Intensity – degree or strength of a text reference 4) Space – the size of the passage, image, or other content Strengths of content analysis:Research poses little to no harm on subjectsTime efficient, cheapAllows researcher to correct mistakesCan look at processes occurring over timeGood reliabilityWeaknesses of content analysis:-Limited to what the researcher is able to record -Validity can be limited – In content analysis we could employ any conventional sampling techniqu e like random, systematic, stratified, or clustered sampling. When concerning sub-sampling, sampling needs not to end with our unit of analysis.For example, if our unit of analysis is writers, then we can use units of observation like novels written by them, chapters and paragraphs of the novels, etc. Analyzing Existing Statistics – With analysis of existing statistics, your focus would be mainly statistics of different studies without confusing this with secondary analysis which is just obtaining a copy of somebody's data and carrying out ones own analysis. – When analyzing existing statistics, it may be the main source of data or a supplemental source of data. Most existing statistics come from governments and large intergovernmental organizations.When describing the units of analysis, existing statistics describe groups. You must be aware of the ecological fallacy. This means making assumptions regarding individuals based on characteristics of entire population. â⠂¬â€œ Whenever we base research on an analysis of data that already exists we’re limited to what exists. The existing data do not cover exactly what we are interested in, and our measurement may not be altogether valid representations of the variables and concepts we want to make conclusions about. Two characteristics of science are used to handle the problem of alidity in analysis of existing statistics: logical reasoning and replication. – Problems of validity in the analysis of existing statistics can often be handled through logical reasoning and replication. –Existing statistics often have problems of reliability, so they must be used with caution. Comparative and Historical Research – And lastly comparative and historical research which is the examination of societies (or other social units) over time and in comparison with one another. – An example of comparative and historical research is the U. S. nthropologist, Lewis Morgan, who saw a pro gression in societies from â€Å"savagery† to â€Å"barbarism† to â€Å"civilization. † Also Robert Redfield noticed the progression from â€Å"folk society† to â€Å"urban society. † Pitirim Sorokin however respresnts a different form of this research. He theorizes that societal trends follow a cycle pattern between two points of view. One he called â€Å"ideational† and the other â€Å"sensate. â€Å"Later he developed third point of view, which he called â€Å"idealistic. † – Historical research and sociology often use the same tools and datasets as history, but they have different goals. istoriography – methodology of doing historical research The comparative historical method was the backbone of 19th century sociology. Sociologists such as Durkheim and Weber focused in on societies and studied and categorized them during different stages of development. In the mid-twentieth century, as the United States became the center of sociological research, the comparative historical method virtually disappeared.It has been revived in the U. S. in the past 35 years by researchers inspired by the European sociological classics. – There are two types of sources a researcher can use when conducting historical research. )primary sources – physical artifacts of human societies; (ex. documents, letters, official records, personal recollections) 2)secondary sources – books and papers published by governments and historians; (ex. statistical running records) Examples of famous studies include Durkheim’s Study of Suicide and Kentor’Consequences of Globalization. – The unit of analysis of existing statistics describe groups.Means you must be aware of the ecological fallacy which involves making assumptions regarding individuals based on characteristics of entire population. Although often regarded as a qualitative method, comparative and historical research can make use of quantitative techniques. – Archives are the most important type of comparative and historical reserach because they are well maintained by reliable organizations. However, they can by biased or partially incomplete. Ethics and Unobtrusive Research – While the use of unobtrusive research does avoid many ethical issues that are frequently present in other techniques of data collection and analysis, potential ethical risks still exist.For example, the use of diaries or private communications in content analysis give rise to questions of confidentiality. – Sometimes even unobtrusive measures can raise the possibility of violating subjects privacy. – The general principles of honest observation, analysis, and reporting apply to all research techniques. – – Traditional Approaches – To conduct field research of the past, primarily using materials such as letters, diaries, documents, oral histories, etc. (often these are case studies and a re not necessarily comparative)To study different societies, using the differences and similarities to highlight macro-social theories, primarily using history books and newspapers (the facts of history themselves). Often these are studies of current history and are not necessarily truly historical. – The actual comparative study of societies and their development over long stretches of history using a variety of resources. This produces research that is both comparative and historical. – Coding: Procedure of turning raw data into a standardized form that can be interpreted by a machine and processed/analyzed.E. g. A processed scantron for an exam. Coding is the process whereby raw data are transformed into standardized form suitable for machine processing and analysis. Content analysis is essentially a coding operation. In content analysis, communications- oral, written, or other- are coded or classified according to some conceptual framework. Coding in content analys is involves the logic of conceptualization and operation, as in other research methods, you must refine your conceptual frameworks and develop specific methods for observing in relation to that framework.Latent Content: In connection with content analysis, the underlying means of communication. E. g. In a war movie, how effective the movie depicted actual combat via the flow of the movie scenes or the general reality of how well the war was captured on a subjective interpretation. Latent content is as used in connection with content analysis, the underlying meaning of communications, as distinguished from their manifest content. – Manifest Content: In connection with content analysis, the actual concrete terms within human communication.E. g. In a war movie, how many times â€Å"fire†, â€Å"shoot†, or â€Å"bomb† is said (concrete, objective terms). Coding the manifest content, the visible surface content, of a communication is analogous to using a stand ardize questionnaire. Manifest coding is more reliable than latent coding, but is generally less valid – Archives are the most important source for this type of research. They are maintained by governments, private foundations, and some corporations and